Q. What is the main limitation of clinical digital assessment in labor?
a) Cervical dilation measurement
b) Fetal head station and position
c) Membrane status
d) Uterine contractions
b) Fetal head station and position
Digital palpation of head position/station is highly subjective (20–70% error). Caput and asynclitism make it worse. Ultrasound is more reliable.
Q. Which approach is best for head position assessment in labor?
a) Transabdominal
b) Transperineal
c) Transvaginal
d) Suprapubic manual exam
a) Transabdominal
Transabdominal scan shows occiput/spine orientation. Orbits = OP, midline = OT, occiput/spine = OA.
Q. Which approach is best for head station assessment in labor?
a) Transabdominal
b) Transperineal
c) Transvaginal
d) Suprapubic
b) Transperineal
Transperineal ultrasound (midsagittal) allows AoP, HPD, HSD measurements for objective head descent.
Q. Angle of Progression (AoP) ≥116° corresponds to which head station?
a) –2 cm
b) –1 cm
c) 0 cm
d) +2 cm
c) 0 cm
Studies show AoP of 116° = station 0 (ischial spines). Each ~6° ≈ 0.5 cm descent.
Q. Which parameter is measured as the shortest distance from fetal skull to perineum?
a) Head–symphysis distance
b) Head–perineum distance (HPD)
c) Progression distance
d) Midline angle
b) Head–perineum distance (HPD)
HPD is simple, reproducible. HPD ~35–36 mm = station 0. 40 mm predicts difficult operative delivery.
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